Information on some major DAM projects

Bhakra Nangal Project

Bhakra DamBhakra Dam Bhakra Dam is a majestic monument across river Sutlej. Its construction was taken up first after independence, for the uplift and welfare of the people of Northern Region. The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 . It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. The water stored at Bhakra has a tremendous potential of generating hydroelectric power. There are two power houses namely Left Bank Power Plant and Right Bank Power Plant. The power houses are connected on either side by underground cable galleries with the switch yard from where transmission lined take off. The Salient features of Bhakra Dam and Power houses are as below.

Bhakra Dam

Total cost of the Project	Rs. 245.28 crore
Type of Dam	Concrete straight gravity
Height above the deepest foundation	225.55 metres (740 feet)
Height above river bed	167.64 metres (550 feet)
Length at top	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Width at top	9.14 metres (30 feet)
Length at bottom	99 metres (325 feet)
Width at base	190.5 metres (625 feet)
Elevation at top of dam above mean sea level	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Steel used	101600 tonnes (100000 tons)

Reservoir

Catchment area	56980 Sq. kilometres.
Normal reservoir level	EL. 512.06 meters (EL.1680 feet)
Dead storage level	EL.445.62 meters.
New area irrigated	60 lakh acres.
Area of reservoir.	162.48 sq. kilometres (62.78 sq.miles)
Length of reservoir.	96.56 kilometres.
Live storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	6911 million cum (5.60 MAF)
Gross storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	9340 million cum (7.57 MAF)
Dead storage capacity	2430 million cum (1.97 MAF)

Bhakra Power Plant

Number of power houses	2
Installed capacity of left bank power plant	450 MW - 5 units of 90 MW each
Increased capacity of left bank power plant by uprating the machines.	540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each
Installed capacity of right bank power plant.	600 MW - 5 units of 120 MW each
Increased capacity of right bank power plant	Uprated to 660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each
Present capacity by further uprating the machines.	735 MW - 3 units of 157 MW each & 2 units of 132 MW each
Planned uprated capacity.	785 MW - 5 units of 157 MW.

top

Nangal Dam

Nangal Dam situated about 13 Kms. Downstream of Bhakra Dam, is 29m (95 ft.) high & comprises 26 bays of 9.14m (30 ft.) each. It is designed to pass a flood 9910 cumecs (350000 cusecs) water. Dam diverts the water of river Sutlej into Nangal Hydel Channel & Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel for power generation and irrigation purpose. Nangal Pond acts as a balancing reservoir to smoothen out the diurnal variation in releases from the Bhakra Power Plants. Nangal Hydel Channel is a lined channel taking off from the left bank of river Sutlej just above the Nangal Dam. The natural fall available along the channel is utilised at Ganguwal and Kotla for generating power. Anandpur Saheb Hydel Channel takes off from nangal Barrage and along the left bank of river Sutlej almost parallel to and on the left side of the Nangal Hydel Channel. It is 33 Kms. Long with a discharging capacity of 10150 Cs. It has two power houses at Ganguwal and at Kotla.

Salient Features

Height	29 meters (95 ft.)
Length	304.8 meters (1000 ft.)
Length of Nangal Hydel Channel	64.5 kilometers (40 miles)
Discharge	354 cumecs (12500 cusecs)
Number of power houses	2
Total installed capacity of each power house.	77 MW (2units of 24 MW each & one unit of 29 MW)
Head of water	28.35 meters (93 ft.)

top

Pandoh Dam

Pandoh Dam is a diversion dam of the River Beas at Pandoh situated about 21 Kms. Upstream of town of Mandi in Himachal Pradesh on Mandi Kullu Road. It is a zoned earth-cum-rockfill dam 76.20m(250 ft.)high above the deepest foundation. A chute spillway with flip bucket for maximum design outflow of 350000 cs. has been provided on left abutment. There are five bays in which high pressure top seal type radial gates have been installed for regulating flow of water. Each gate is independently operated by 200 tonnes capacity cylindrical hydraulic hoists.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth-cum-rockfill
Height above river bed	61 meters (200 ft.)
Height above deepest foundation	76.2 meters (250 ft.)
Elevation at top of dam	EL.899.16 meters (EL.2950 ft.)
Length at top	255 meters (835 ft.)
Width at base.	268.22 meters (880 ft.)
Width at top	12.19 meters (40 ft.)
Maximum reservoir level	EL.896.42 meters (EL.2941 ft.)
Normal reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Minimum reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Gross storage capacity	4100 hectare meters (33240 acre ft.)
Live storage capacity at EL.2941 ft.	1855.98 hectare meters (15.039 acre ft.)
Spillway Type	Orifice type gates chute
Radial gates	5 No. 12m x 13m (39.375 ft. x 42.65 ft.) each
Maximum outflow	9939 cumecs (351000 cusecs)
Crest elevation	EL. 874.78 meters (EL.2870 ft.)

top

Pong Dam

Pong Dam was primarily envisaged for meeting the irrigation water requirements of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. But presently, it is being used for power generation too. The Dam is located at Pong across river Beas in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. It is the highest earth fill Dam so far constructed in the country. The number of instruments of different types have been embedded in the body of dam to observe its behaviours. Rajasthan draws its maximum share of water from Pong Dam. Five concrete lined tunnels, were constructed for river diversion during construction satge. After serving their function as diversion tunnels two of these tunnels have been converted into outlets for controlled irrigation releases and the other three are used as penstocks. Each penstock tunnel has been provided with an emergency gate, operated from the hoist structures, located at top of the dam. A chute spillway has been provided for passing the flood which is located on the left abutment of the dam. The spillway caters with maximum discharge of 437000 cs. Water is led to ogee shaped crest through an approach channel and controlled by six number radial gates which are operated by electrically driven mechanical hoists with provision for operation by diesel engines in case of power failure. Pong Power Plant is a reinforced concrete framed structure, located in the stilling basin downstream of penstock tunnels . The power plant has an installed capacity of 360 MW having six units of 60 MW each. Uprating of each unit from 60 MW to 66 MW has been planned.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth core gravel shell
Elevation at top of dam	EL. 435. 86 metres (EL. 1430 feet)
Free board (above max. RWL)	2.74 metres (9 feet)
Maximum height of dam above deepest foundation level	132.59 metres (435 feet)
Crest length	1950.7 metres (6400 feet)
Width at crest	13.72 metres (45)
Maximum width at base (excluding toe weights)	610 metres (2000 feet)
Catchment area	12560 sq. kilometres (4850 sq. miles)
Normal reservoir level	EL 426.72 meters (EL 1400 feet)
Dead storage level	EL. 384.05 meters (EL.1260 feet)
Gross storage capacity	8570 million cum. (6.95 MAF)
Live storage capacity	7290 million cum (5.91 MAF)
Maximum reservoir depth	97.84 metres (321 feet)
Maximum reservoir level	EL 433.12 metres (EL 1421 feet)
Reservoir length	41.8 kilometres
Type of spillway	Overflow gated chute
Spillway gates	Six radial gates 14.48 m x 12.344m ( 47.5 ft. x 40.5 ft.) each
Crest elevation	416.05 meters (1365 feet)
Penstock heads	3 Nos, each of 7.28 m dia branched into six penstocks of dia 5.025m each
ype of turbine	Vertical shaft, Francis type
Head variation	47.85 meters to 95.1 meters (157 feet to 312 feet)
Installed capacity	60 MW x6 = 360 MW

top

Ranjitsagar Dam

Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein dam) is a gigantic Multipurpose River valley Project constructed on river Ravi, 24 kms. Upstream of Madhopur Headworks. The construction of Ranjit Sagar Dam is a part of the total plan for the utilization of the water of three eastern rivers namely Sutlej, Beas and Ravi for irrigation and Power generation. Ranjit Sagar Dam is located in a gorge section of river Ravi near village. Thein in J&K state, in seismically active zone of Himalayas constituting the Shivalik range. The Project is an embodiment of inter state relationship and co-operation amongst the States of Punjab, J&K and Himachal Pradesh. An inter state agreement between these States was signed in 1979 thereby giving the go-ahead for the execution of the Project.

Unique Features

• The Ranjit Sagar Dam is the highest earth core-cum-gravel shell dam in India.
  * The Power Plant has the second biggest Hydro-Turbine in India.
  * The Project has the largest dia. Penstock in India.
  * The foundation gallary under the Rockfill Dam has been provided for the first time in India.

Salient Features Of The Project

Catchment area	6086 sq. km
Reservoir area	87.00 sq. km.
Gross Storage capacity	3280 million cum
Live storage capacity	2344 million cum

Dam Type	Earth core-cum-gravel shell dam
Top level of the Dam	EL 540.00 m
Maximum height of dam	160.00 m.
Length at Top of the dam	617.00 m.
Width at top of the dam	14.00 m
Maximum width at base of the dam	669.2 m
Normal reservoir level	527.91 m.

Clear water-way of spillway	109 m.
Crest level of spillway	EL 511 .7 m.
Maximum outflow	24637 cumecs
Spillway design flood	20678 cumecs

No. of Penstock Headers	2
N0. of Penstock Branches	4
Dia of each Penstock Header	8.5 m.
Dia of each Penstock Branches	5.17 m.

Type of turbines	Vertical Shaft Francis
Maximum net head	121.9 m.
Minimum net head	76.0 m.

top

Upper Indravati HE Project (Orissa)

Upper Indravati Hydro Electric Project has gone fully operational during 2001 with the commissioning of Unit No.IV of the 600 MW (150 x 4) Hydro Power Project. Started with World Bank assistance, Upper Indravati Project is considered one of the largest multi-purpose projects in India. Situated in drought prone districts of Kalahandi and Nawarangpur in Orissa, the project also envisages trans-basin diversion of water of river Indravati (Godavari basin) to river Hati (Mahanadi basin).

The project provides irrigation to more than one lakh hectres of land. The Upper Indravati Project envisages diversion of water , of the indravati river in its upper reaches into the Mahanadi valley for power generation and irrigation. The project involves construction of 4 dams across the Indravati and its tributaries 8 dykes and two inter-linking channels to from a single reservoir with a live capacity of 1435.5 Mcum, 4.32 km. tunnel, a power house with installation of 4 units of 150 MW each , 9 km. tail race channel and an irrigation barrage across Hati river with the associated irrigation canals. It is not only one of the largest power stations in the entire region and will play a crucial role in bridging the projected deficit during peak hours.

top

Nathpa Jhakri HE Project

Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-electric Project – NJHEP, is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, on the downstream of Wangtoo Bridge and derives its name from the names of two villages in the Project vicinity - Nathpa in district Kinnaur and Jhakri in district Shimla - in the interiors of Himachal Pradesh. The Project was conceived as a run-of-river type hydro power development, harnessing hydro-electric potential of the middle reaches of the river Sutlej, one of the principal tributaries of the river Indus, in the south west Himalayas. The Project's Dam has been constructed near village Nathpa and its Power House has been constructed on the left bank of the river Satluj at village Jhakri. The power house site is about 150 km from Shimla. The Project stretches over a length of about 50 kms. from the Dam site to the Power House site, on the Hindustan-Tibet Road (NH-22), which also connects the rail head to the Project. Salient Features The project with an installed capacity of 1500 MW ( 6 X 250 MW ), envisaged construction of the following major components :

• * A 62.50 m. high concrete Dam on Satluj river at Nathpa to divert 486 cumecs of water through four Intakes.
• * An underground De-silting Complex, comprising four chambers, each 525 m. long, 16.31 m. wide and 27.5 m. deep, which is one of the largest underground complex for the generation of hydro - power in the World.
• * A 10.15 dia. and 27.394 km. long Head Race Tunnel, which is one of the longest hydro power tunnels in the World, terminating in a 21.60 m / 10.20 m dia and 301m deep Surge Shaft.
• * Three circular steel lined Pressure Shafts, each of 4.90 m dia and 571 m to 622 m length, each bifurcating into two near the Power House, to feed six generating units.
• * An underground Power House with a cavern size of 222 m x 20 m x 49 m having six Francis Turbine Units of 250 MW each, to utilize a design discharge of 405 cumecs and a design head of 428 m.
• * 6 nos. vertical axis Francis turbines Generating Units, each of 250 MW, with the total installed capacity as 1500 MW.
• * A 10.15 m dia and 982 m long Tail Race Tunnel to discharge the water back into the river Satluj.
• top

Sardar Sarovar

The Sardar Sarovar dam is a concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of 163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction across river Narmada. The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being Bhakra (226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will be ranking as the second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. only behind Grand Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity of 87,000 cumecs (30.70 lac), will be the third in the world after Gazenba (1.13 lac cumecs) in China and Tucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil.

Canals:

Narmada Main Canal, which is a contour canal, is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the world. It is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border having discharging capacity 1133 cumecs (40000 cusecs) at its head tapering to 95.70 cumecs (3375 cusecs) at the Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal extends further in Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of Rajasthan. The cross section of the canal at its head is 73.1m x 7.6m (Bed width x Full supply depth) with 2:1 inner side slope having canal velocity at head as 1.69 m/sec. The entire length of the Main Canal is proposed to be lined with in-situ plain cement concrete to minimize seepage losses, to allow higher velocities and control water logging problems in future. In all, there are 593 Structures on the Narmada Main canal. Out of this 320 structures are cross drainage structures, comprising of 5 Aqueducts, 15 canal syphons, 177 drainage syphons, 26 canal crossing and one super passage. There are 96 Regulating structures comprising of 1 Main HR, 44 Branch HR, 38 Cross Regulators and 13 Escapes. There are total 273 nos. of Road Bridge including national Highway, State Highway, MDRB, ODRB, VRB, and UVRB etc. Narmada Main Canal as on today is almost completed up to 357 km. and water has flown through it.

Power Houses

There are two power houses for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). (i) 1200 MW River Bed Power House (RBPH) and (ii) 250 MW Canal Head Power House (CHPH). Power benefits are shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16 respectively. The RBPH is an under ground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. The generation of power depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat. The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir having total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters. The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.

top

IPC Sections

Section Particulars
1 Title and extent of operation of the Code
2 Punishment of offences committed within India
3. Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India
4. Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences.
5. Certain laws not to be affected by this Act.
6. Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions
7. Sense of expression once explained
8. Gender
9. Number
10. Man, Woman
11. Person
12. Public
13. Queen
14. Servant of Government
15. British India
16. Government of India
17. Government
18. India
19. Judge
20. Court of Justice
21. Public Servant
22. Moveable property
23. Wrongful gain
24. Dishonestly
25. Fraudulently
26. Reason to believe
27. Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant
28. Counterfeit
29. Document
29A. Electronic record
30. Valuable security
31. A will
32. Words referring to acts include illegal omissions
33. Act Omission
34. Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention
35. When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention
36. Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission
37. Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence
38. Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences
39. Voluntarily
40. Offence
41. Special law
42. Local law
43. Illegal, Legally bound to do
44. Injury
45. Life
46. Death
47. Animal
48. Vessel
49. Year, Month
50. Section
51. Oath
52. Good faith
52A. Harbour
53. Punishment
53A. Construction of reference to transportation
54. Commutation of sentence of death
55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life
55A. Definition of appropriate Government
56. Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude. Proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life
57. Fractions of terms of punishment
58. Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported
59. Transportation instead of imprisonment.
60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
61. Sentence of forfeiture of property
62. Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
63. Amount of fine
64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable
66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine when offence punishable with fine only
68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine
69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine
70. Fine levied within six years, or during imprisonment- Death not to discharge property from liability
71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences
72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which
73. Solitary confinement
74. Limit of solitary confinement
75. Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction
76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
77. Act of Judge when acting judicially
78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law
80. Accident in doing a lawful act
81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
82. Act of a child under seven years of age
83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
84. Act of a person of unsound mind
85. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
86. Offence requiring a particular intent of knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
87. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit
89. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian
90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
93. Communication made in good faith
94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats
95. Act causing slight harm
96. Things done in private defence
97. Right of private defence of the body and of property
98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
99. Act against which there is no right of private defence
100. When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death
101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body
103. When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death
104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
106. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
107. Abetment of a thing
108. Abettor
108A. Abetment in India of offences outside India
109. Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment
110. Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor
111. Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done
112. Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act doness
113. Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor
114. Abettor present when offence is committed
115. Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life-if offence not committed
116. Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment-if offence be not committed
117. Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons
118. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
119. Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
120. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
120A. Definition of criminal conspiracy
120B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy
121. Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India
121A. Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121
122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India
123. Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war
124. Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power
124A. Sedition
125. Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India
126. Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with the Government of India
127. Receiving Property taken by war on depredation mention in Sections 125 and 126
128. Public servant voluntary allowing prisoner of State or war to escape
129. Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape
130. Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner
131. Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty
132. Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
133. Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office
134. Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed
135. Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman
136. Harbouring deserter
137. Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
138. Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman
138A Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service
139. Persons subject to certain Acts
140. Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman
141. Unlawful assembly
142. Being member of unlawful assembly
143. Punishment
144. Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon
145. Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse
146. Rioting
147. Punishment for rioting
148. Rioting, armed with deadly weapon
149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object
150. Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly
151. Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse
152. Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
153. Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed-if not committed
153A. Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
153B. Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration
154. Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held
155. Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed
156. Liability of agent of owner of occupier for whose benefit riot is committed
157. Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly
158. Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot
159. Affray
160. Punishment for committing affray
161-165A. Repealed
166. Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person
167. Public servant farming an incorrect document with intent to cause injury
168. Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
169. Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
170. Personating a public servant
171. Wearing grab or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent
171A. Candidate, Electoral right defined
171B. Bribery
171C. Undue influence at elections
171D. Personation at elections
171E. Punishment for bribery
171F. Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election
171G. False statement in connection with an election
171H. Illegal payments in connection with an election
171I. Failure to keep election accounts
172. Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding
173. Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof
174. Non-attendance in obedience to an order form public servant
175. Omission to produce to document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.
176. Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it
177. Furnishing false information
178. Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
179. Refusing to answer public servant authorized to question
180. Refusing to sign statement
181. False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorized to administer an oath or affirmation
182. False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person
183. Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant
184. Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
185. Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servan
186. Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions
187. Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
188. Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
189. Threat of injury to public servant
190. Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
191. Giving false evidence
192. Fabricating false evidence
193. Punishment for false evidence
194. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
195. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment
196. Using evidence known to be false
197. Issuing or signing false certificate
198. Using as true a certificate known to be false
199. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
200. Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false
201. Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender
202. Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform
203. Giving false information respecting an offence committed
204. Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as sevidence
205. False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution
206. Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
207. Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
208. Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due
209. Dishonestly making false claim in Court
210. Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due
211. False charge of offence made with intent to injure
212. Hrbouring offender
213. Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
214. Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
215. Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
216. Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered
216A. Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits
216B. Definition of "harbour" in sections 212, 216 and 216A
217. Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
218. Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
219. Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law
220. Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law
221. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend
222. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed
223. Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant
224. Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
225. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person
225.A Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape on part of public servant in cases not otherwise, provided for
225.B Resistant or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for
226. Unlawful return from transportation
227. Violation of condition of remission of punishment
228. Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding
228A. Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc
229. Personation of a juror or assessor
230. Coin defined
231. Counterfeiting coin
232. Counterfeiting Indian coin
233. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin
234. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin
235. Possession of instrument, or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin
236. Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin
237. Import or export of counterfeit coin
238. Import or export of counterfeits of the India coin
239. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
240. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
241. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit
242. Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possess thereof
243. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof
244. Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law
245. Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint
246. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin
247. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin
248. Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
249. Altering appearance of India coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
250. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
251. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
252. Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
253. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
254. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possess, the deliverer did not know to be altered
255. Counterfeiting Government stamp
256. Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp
257. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp
258. Sale of counterfeit Government stamp
259. Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp
260. Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be a counterfeit
261. Effacing, writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government
262. Using Government stamp known to have been before used
263. Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
263A. Prohibition of fictitious stamps
264. Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing
265. Fraudulent use of false weight or measure
266. Being in possession of false weight or measure
267. Making or selling false weight or measure
268. Public nuisance
269. Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
270. Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
271. Disobedience to quarantine rule
272. Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale
273. Sale of noxious food or drink
274. Adulteration of drugs
275. Sale of adulterated drugs
276. Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation
277. Fouling water of public spring or reservoir
278. Making atmosphere noxious to health
279. Rash driving or riding on a public way
280. Rash navigation of vessel
281. Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy
282. Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel
283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation
284. Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance
285. Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter
286. Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance
287. Negligent conduct with respect to machinery
288. Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings
289. Negligent conduct with respect to animal
290. Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for
291. Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
292. Sale, etc., or obscene books, etc.
292A. Printing etc. of grossly indecent or scurrilous matter or matter intended for blackmail
293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person
294. Obscene acts and songs
294A. Keeping lottery office
295. Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class
295A. Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings or any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
296 Disturbing religious assembly
297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.
298. Uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person
299. Culpable homicide
300. Murder
301. Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended
302. Punishment for murder
303. Punishment for murder by life-convict
304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
304A. Causing death by negligence
304B. Dowery death
305. Abetment of suicide of child or insane person
306. Abetment of suicide
307. Attempt to murder
308. Attempt to commit culpable homicide
309. Attempt to commit suicide
310. Thug
311. Punishment
312. Causing miscarriage
313. Causing miscarriage without woman's consent
314. Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage-
315. Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth
316. Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide
317. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
318. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
319. Hurt.
320. Grievous hurt.
321. Voluntarily causing hurt.
322. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
323. Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
324. Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
325. Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
326. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
327. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
328. Causing hurt by means of poison, etc. with intent to commit an offence
329. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
330. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
331. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
332. Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
333. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
334. Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
335. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation: -
336. Act endangering life or personal safety of others
337. Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
338. Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
339. Wrongful restraint
340. Wrongful confinement.
341. Punishment for wrongful restraint
342. Punishment for wrongful Confinement
343. Wrongful confinement for three or more days
344. Wrongful confinement for ten or more days
345. Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued
346. Wrongful confinement in secret
347. Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act
348. Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property
349. Force
350. Criminal force
351. Assault
352. Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation
353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty
354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation
356. Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person
357. Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person
358. Assault or criminal force on grave provocation
359. Kidnapping
360. Kidnapping from India
361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship
362. Abduction
363. Punishment for kidnapping
363A. Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging
364. Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
364A. Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
365. Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person
366. Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366A. Procreation of minor girl
366B. Importation of girl from foreign country
367. Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
368. Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person
369. Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person
370. Buying or disposing of any person as slave
371. Habitual dealing in slave
372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
374. Unlawful compulsory labour
375. Rape
376. Punishment for rape
376A. Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation
376B. Intercourse by public servant with woman is his custody
376C. Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand home, etc.
376D. Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital
377. Unnatural offences
378. Theft
379. Punishment for theft
380. Theft in dwelling house, etc.
381. Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master
382. Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft
383 Extortion
384. Punishment for extortion
385. Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion
386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt
387. Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion
388. Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
389. Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion
390. Robbery
391. Dacoity
392. Punishment for robbery
393. Attempt to commit robbery
394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery
395. Punishment for dacoity
396. Dacoity with murder
397. Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt
398. Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
399. Making preparation to commit dacoity
400. Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits
401. Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves
402. Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity
403. Dishonest misappropriation of property
404. Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death
405. Criminal breach of trust
406. Punishment for criminal breach of trust
407. Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc.
408. Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant
409. Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent
410. Stolen Property
411. Dishonestly receiving stolen property
412. Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity
413. Habitually dealing in stolen property
414. Assisting in concealment of stolen property
415. Cheating
416. Cheating by personation
417. Punishment for cheating
418. Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect
419. Punishment for cheating by personation
420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
421. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors
422. Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors
423. Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration
424. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property
425. Mischief
426. Punished for mischief
427. Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees
428. Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value of ten rupees
429. Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees
430. Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully diverting water
431. Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel
432. Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage
433. Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mark
434. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority
435. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees
436. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
437. Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden
438. Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance
439. Punishment for intentionally running vessel agground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
440. Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt
441. Criminal trespass
442. House trespass
443. Lurking house-trespass
444. Lurking house-trespass by night
445. Housing breaking
446. House-breaking by night
447. Punishment for criminal trespass
448. Punishment for house-trespass
449. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death
450. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life
451. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
452. House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
453. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking
454. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
455. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
456 Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night
457. Lurking house trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
458. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint
459. Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house trespass or house-breaking
460. All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them
461. Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property
462. Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody
463. Forgery
464. Making a false document
465 Punishment for forgery
466. Forgery of record of court or of public register, etc.
467. Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
468. Forgery for purpose of cheating
469. Forgery for purpose of harming reputation
470. Forged document or electronic record
471. Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record
472. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467
473. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise
474. Having possession of document described in Section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine
475. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
476. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents or electronic record other than those described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
477. Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security
477A. Falsification of accounts
478. Trade marks
479. Property mark
480. Using a false trade mark
481. Using a false property mark
482. Punishment for using a false property mark
483. Counterfeiting a property mark used by another
484. Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant
485. Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark
486. Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark
487. Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods
488. Punishment for making use of any such false mark
489. Tempering with property mark with intent to cause injury
489A. Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489B. Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489C. Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489D. Making or possessing instruments or materials for forgoing or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489E. Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes
490. Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey
491. Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
492. Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master's expense
493. Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage
494. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
495. Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted
496. Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage
497. Adultery
498. Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman
498A. Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty
499. Defamation
500. Punishment for defamation
501. Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory
502. Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter
503. Criminal intimidation
504. Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace
505. Statements conducing to public mischief
506. Punishment for criminal intimidation
507. Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication
508. Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure
509. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman
510. Misconduct in public by a drunken person
511. Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment

International Mobile Identity Number

> Dear All,
>
> Now-a-days each one of us use Mobile devices and
> always fear that it may be stolen.
>
>
> Each mobile carries a unique IMEI i..e.
> International Mobile Identity Number which can be used to
> track your mobile anywhere in the
> world.
>
>
> This is how it works!!!!!!
>
> 1.Dial *#06# from your mobile.
>
> 2.Your mobile shows a unique 15 digit serial number.
>

3. Note down this number somewhere except your mobile as this is the number which will help you trace your mobile
> in case of a theft.
>
> 4.Once stolen you just have to mail this 15 digit IMEI number to cop@vsnl.net
>
>
> 5.No need to go to police.
>
>
> 6.Your Mobile will be traced within next 24 hrs via complex system of GPRS and internet.
>
> 7.You will find where your hand set is being operated even in case your number is changed.
>
>
> PASS ON THIS VERY IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO ALL YOUR
> FRIENDS AND RELATIVES.
>

Fascinating and astonishing facts of life & nature

ASTONISHING FACTS

Longest english word
Praetertranssubstantiationalistically --> has 37 letters.

Book without letter 'e'
Gadfy, written by Earnest Wright in 1939 is a 50,000+ word book, which doesn't contain a single word with ' e' in it

Word without vowel
Rhythm

Organ of body which has no sensation when cut
Brain

Only animal & reptile which sheds tear while eating
Crocodile

No of Alphabets, which SOUND AS WORDS:
B Bee
C Sea
G Zee
I Eye
Q Queue
R Are
S Yes
T Tea
U You
Y Why

_____


WHAT ARE THEY ?

Q) If we say 'MUMMY', they come together & go apart when we say 'DADDY'?
(A) LIPS

(Q) What goes up & never comes down?
(A) AGE

(Q) Patches over patches but no stitches?
(A) CABBAGE

(Q) What is that we cannot see, but is always before you?
(A) FUTURE

(Q) What goes up & down a hill, but never moves?
(A) ROAD

(Q) You can never wet it?
(A) SHADOW

(Q) What belongs to to You, but used by your friends more often you do?
(A) YOUR NAME

_____


FASCINATING ANIMALS, BIRDS, TREES

SNAILS have 14175 teeth laid along 135 rows on their tounge.

A BUTTERFLY has 12,000 eyes.

DOLPHINS sleep with 1 eye open.

A BLUE WHALE can eat as much as 3 tonnes of food everyday, but at the same time can live without food for 6 months.

The EARTH has over 12,00,000 species of animals, 3,00,000 species of plants & 1,00,000 other species.

The fierce DINOSAUR was TRYNOSAURS which has sixty long & sharp teeth, used to attack & eat other dinosaurs.

DIMETRODON was a mammal like REPTILE with a snail on its back. This acted as a radiator to cool the body of the animal.

CASSOWARY is one of the dangerous BIRD, that can kill a man or animal by tearing off with its dagger like claw.

The SWAN has over 25,000 feathers in its body.

OSTRICH eats pebbles to help digestion by grinding up the ingested food.

POLAR BEAR can look clumsy & slow but during chase on ice, can reach 25 miles / hr of speed.

KIWIS are the only birds, which hunt by sense of smell.

ELEPHANT teeth can weigh as much as 9 pounds.

OWL is the only bird, which can rotate its head to 270 degrees.

_____


IN 24 HOURS AVERAGE HUMAN

IN 24 HOURS AVERAGE HUMAN:

HEART beats 1,03,689 times.

LUNGS respire 23,045 times.

BLOOD flows 16,80,000 miles.

NAILS grow 0.00007 inches

HAIR grows 0.01715 inches

Take 2.9 pounds WATER (including all liquids)

Take of 3.25 pounds FOOD.

Breathe 438 cubic feet AIR.

Lose 85.60, BODY TEMPERATURE.

Produce 1.43 pints SWEAT.

Speak 4,800 WORDS.

During SLEEP move 25.4 times