Pinkslip: 13 IT companies cutting jobs

Worst is said to be over for the IT industry. Both analysts and industry chieftains are heaving a sigh of relief as one of the worst recession since Great Depression shows signs of easing.

But with recession ending, is the worst over for the job market too? Yea so it seems. For, the job cuts are no longer piling the way they were till months back when according to a study, 5 jobs were lost globally every minute.

However, as the companies eye a revival in demand, they are also bracing themselves up for a tough market and on the way cutting costs and with it jobs.

Here are 13 IT companies who have announced job cuts in the past one-and-a-half months.

How is electricity generated from water ?

When a dam is used to generate energy, tunnels are installed in the dam when it is built. These tunnels are lined with turbines which are turned when water flows through the tunnels. As the turbines turn, they create electricity which can be fed into the grid or stored. Dam operators can determine the amount of energy produced by regulating the flow of water; most dams are capable of generating far more power than they do on a daily basis, which can be useful when there are problems at other power plants and facilities.
Electricity generated from water on the ocean is known as wave power or wave energy. This method of power generation uses changes in the air levels of sealed chambers to power turbines. These chambers are floated on parts of the ocean with high wave activity, ensuring that a great deal of electric energy can be produced. Not all areas of the ocean are suitable for the generation of wave power, but some seaside communities have taken advantage of the technology to power themselves.
Electricity generation is a major concern for much of the world, since demand is only rising with the growing human population. The benefit of electricity generated from water is that once generation facilities are built, it is easy to maintain and operate them. Electricity generated from water is also clean, since it doesn't involve the burning of fossil fuels to generate power. People can also generate hydroelectric power themselves, if they have access to a fast-moving body of water so that they can install waterwheels.


Drawbacks:

There are some drawbacks to electricity generated from water. Dams, for example, can be quite destructive when they are installed, as water will flood the regions behind dams. This has been a cause for controversy in the past, especially when dams flood valleys used by native peoples for burial and religious ceremonies. If a dam fails, it also cause catastrophic flooding, and people downstream of a dam tend to experience a reduction in available water after it has been installed. Concerns have also been raised about wave power, since it can be quite noisy and it may prove damaging to marine life.



Water Power

Large scale hydroelectric power has been used worldwide for a long time to generate huge amounts of power from water stored behind massive dams. Small scale hydropower has been used for hundreds of years for manufacturing, including milling grain, sawing logs and manufacturing cloth. However, it can also be used without a dam to generate electricity for home scale remote power systems. These so-called micro-hydro installations can be a very good complement to a solar power system, as they produce electricity 24 hours a day.

Waterwheels--It's important to differentiate between water wheels and water turbines. A water wheel is more akin the antique version we are all familiar with--a massive wooden wheel that slowly turns as the creek pours down over it. Water wheels spin slowly, but with lots of torque. They are also surprisingly efficient! One very good place to go for waterwheel information, kits and photos is The Waterwheel Factory.

Scotty's Banki Turbine hydro plant

Scotty's new homebrew hydro plant, using a Banki Turbine design built from scratch. The generator is a homebuilt permanent magnet alternator, very similar to our Brake disc alternators. In a Banki design, the water hits the vanes twice, once upon entrance and then again upon exit. There is only about 3 feet of head available at the site, and the system is producing about 2 amps at 12VDC, fed by a 4 inch pipe.

Water Wheel


A while back, one of our neighbors constructed a water wheel generator using a squirrel cage fan, belt, pulley and surplus tape drive motor that produced a steady 1-2 amps of power, 24 hours a day. He used a natural dam (a log that fell across the creek years ago) to get the fall and to mount the generator on.

Some General Micro Hydro Power Information
NOTE -- as you can see from the photos and web pages linked to above, we don't have much of a hydro power resource here. The crick is very small, often dries up in the summer, and freezes nearly solid in the winter. So we are not the best place to direct your hydro power questions to, we have hardly any hydro experience. There are some great sites listed in our Hydro Power Links section.

Turbines--All of the commercial micro hydro generators available today use a small turbine connected to an electrical generator or alternator. Water is collected in an intake pipe upstream, travels down to the turbine in plastic pipe, and is forced through one or more nozzles by its own gravity pressure. No dam is needed; systems without a dam are called "run of river" systems. Power is generated by a generator or alternator directly connected to the turbine wheel (no gears or pulleys needed). All of the factors below must be calculated correctly for your micro-hydro equipment to make power most efficiently. All commercial micro-hydro setups are custom-made by the manufacturer for your specific application. For proper operation, you must supply the manufacturer with specific data about your site, most importantly the vertical drop in feet (called "head"), the amount of water flow available during different seasons in gallons per minute, and the length of pipeline required to get a sufficient head.

* In general, for a water turbine you need at least 3 feet of fall and at least 20 gallons per minute of flow. If you have more fall (head), less water is required. You can calculate potential head with a water level, a contractor's level and stadia rod, or with just a string level attached to a measuring stick. The more fall and flow that you have, the more potential power you can generate. You can measure flow by building a weir in the creek and measuring how fast it will fill up a 5 gallon bucket.
* Your pipeline must be of a big enough diameter to minimize friction loss in the pipe. Your micro-hydro supplier can give you specific information regarding this.
* Nozzle size and turbine wheel type are all interrelated to your total head and flow. Again, your hydro supplier will customize these for your specific application. Often, different size nozzles are designed to be switched in and out as stream conditions change throughout the year.
* There are two main types of turbines, impulse and reaction. With impulse turbines, a jet of water is created by the nozzle and squirted onto the wheel. Reaction turbines are more akin to propellor that spins INSIDE the pipe, generating power.
* The 3 primary impulse turbine wheel types are Pelton, Turgo, and Cross-flow. Pelton wheels are used in low flow, high head conditions, and Cross-flow wheels are for high flow, low head installations. Turgo wheels are somewhere in the middle. Francis and propellor turbines are the most common reaction type; the Francis design is very similar to the innards of a centrifugal pump. A Kaplan turbine is also similar to this design.
* Home built reaction turbines have been built using centrifugal pumps running in reverse (generating power with moving water instead of using power to move the water). We hope to have more information about experimenting with this soon. You can buy a book about from ITDG books, they also have a book about using induction motors as generators for micro hydro power.

:::OM ARUNACHALA:::Thiruvannamalai

Tiruvannamalai is an ancient city named after the holy mountain "Tiruvannan Malai". Geologist consider this mountain is older than The Himalayas. The history of Tiruvannamalai can be tracked from B.C 100 Tamil Sangam age. We can also read about Girivalam circumambulation from ancient tamil literature such as Periya puranam, Kandha puranam and Thiru vilaiyadal puranam. The foundation of Arunachala temple has been laid by Chola king Vijalaya Chozan and the contributions has been extended by continuous kingdom and people. Under the Hoysala King Vallalan this town flourished among the spiritual seekers and become famous south Indian spiritual pilgrimage site. Local Deepam festival is world famous, this festival take place every year of Tamil month Karthigai and celebrated for the period of 13 days. The first 3 day of procession take place at Durga Temple and remaining days will be celebrated in Annamalai temple.

This city is full of spiritual ashram built by many holy men and enlightenment gurus. Seshadri Swamigal, Ramana Maharshi and Yogi Ramsuratkumar are some of them who lived attained eternity from Tiruvannamalai. Visitors all around the world travel to this city during the month of November and December.


Temple is an externalized aspect of faith, and it is a place to restore peace and harmony. What great seers have visualized has been made outwardly real in a temple. This temple is safely edifice consecrated to the Lord of Light and other deities, built centuries ago at the foot of the hill to form the seat of worship. The main entrance to the sanctum sanctorum is in the eastern tower, the tallest structure in proportion to the other dimensions of this largest temple forming part of it. The tower rising heavenward is marvelously massive and magnificently majestic one with its imposing structural elegance and inviting architectural excellence and awes people at a distance.

Temple is the world's only social hope and the sole promise of peace and harmony; It purifies the society, and looks at the world with the intention of serving it, and strengthening society spiritually uniting people. The temple stands for the eternal, and the great glory of god where people praise the name of god and sing his glory. The temple offers you something you simply cannot get else where.


The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a center of the Saiva religion. The Arunachala hill and its environs have been held in great regard by the Tamils for centuries. The temple is grand in conception and architecture and is rich in tradition, history and festivals.

Kartikai Deepam is known particularly for the Kartikai Deepam festival in the tamil month of Kartikai.

Girivalam path:







OM NAMA SHIVAYA Song

Swami Ayappan, Sabarimala, Kerala, India

Affiliation: Deva

Abode: Sabarimala

Mantra: Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa

Weapon: Bow and Arrow

Mount: Tiger



Om Shuklaambaradharam Vishnum Shashivarnam Chaturbhujam
Prasanna Vadanam Dhyaayet Sarva Vighnopashaantaye

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Aashyaama Komalavishaalatanum Vichitra
Vaasovasaanam Arunotpala Daamahastam
Uttungaratnamakutam Kutilaagrakesam
Shaastaaram Ishtavaradam Sharanam Prapadhye

Hindu shrines are usually situated near river banks, sea shores or mountain top to help pilgrims meditate and to give a sense of peacefulness. The shrines to be found on hill tops are especially enthralling, not only because of their religious appeal but also due to its approachability.


The hill shrine of Sabarimala and its deity Lord Ayyappan is matchless in Hindu religion and peculiar to the Kerala State in South India. This forest abode of Lord Ayyappan is in the Western Ghats of India.

Lord Ayyappan is a symbol of religious unity and communal harmony. Being born out of Mohini (the female incarnation of Lord Vishnu) and Lord Shiva, he is also known as Bhuthanatha, Dharmasastha, Hariharan, Ayyanar and Manikanta.

There are several temples dedicated to Lord Ayyappan all over India. Among these the important temples along the Western Ghats are: Kulathupuzha - Ayyappan is a child here, Aryyankavu - He is a bachelor here, Achankovil - here he is as Dharmasastha with Poorna and Pushkala (his wives) Sabarimala - here he is a yogi, meditating for the benefit of all.

Sabarimala (Mount Sabari - about 3000 feet above sea level) is the most favourite and significant temple in Kerala. Pilgrimage to this temple symbolises the journey to heaven. The journey of spiritual candidate to Sabarimala is difficult and adventurous. The pilgrims observe severe austerities, wearing rudraksha or tulsi beads strings in the neck and trek up the forest to reach the temple. The feeling of delight and spiritual elevation one gets when devotees have the darshan (when devotee sees) of the deity is remarkable and significant. The magnetic charm is so high, it makes any devotee, who undertakes the yatra (pilgrimage) once, to revisit the shrine every year in quest of spiritual solace.

Sabarimala temple is open to all, irrespective of caste, creed, religion, social status or nationality. The pilgrims undergo 41 days of fast to cleanse the mind. He carries on his head, the holy ghee for the Lord's Abisheka filled in coconut in "Irumudi" (two compartment cloth bag). The temple is open only to males and menopaused females (beyond 50 years of age) and little girls below 10 years of age. This is because the Lord is a chaste yogi in Sabarimala. The male pilgrims are called 'Ayyappan' and the female pilgrims are called 'Malikappuram'.

What is Turbine? Different Types of turbines

A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work.

A turbine is any of various rotary machines that convert the kinetic energy in a stream of fluid (gas or liquid) into mechanical energy by passing the stream through a system of fixed and moving fans or blades. Turbines are simple but powerful machines that embody Newton's third law of motion which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. They are classified according to the driving fluid they use: steam, gas, water, and wind. Today, different types of turbines generate electricity, power ships and submarines, and propel jet aircraft.

Types of turbines

• Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal or fuel oil or nuclear power. They were once used to directly drive mechanical devices such as ships' propellors (eg the Turbinia), but most such applications now use reduction gears or an intermediate electrical step, where the turbine is used to generate electricity, which then powers an electric motor connected to the mechanical load. Turbo electric ship machinery was particularly popular in the period immediately before and during WWII, primarily due to a lack of sufficient gear-cutting facilities in US and UK shipyards.

• Gas turbines are sometimes referred to as turbine engines. Such engines usually feature an inlet, fan, compressor, combustor and nozzle (possibly other assemblies) in addition to one or more turbines.
• Transonic turbine. The gasflow in most turbines employed in gas turbine engines remains subsonic throughout the expansion process. In a transonic turbine the gasflow becomes supersonic as it exits the nozzle guide vanes, although the downstream velocities normally become subsonic. Transonic turbines operate at a higher pressure ratio than normal but are usually less efficient and uncommon.

• Contra-rotating turbines. With axial turbines, some efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream unit. However, the complication can be counter-productive. A contra-rotating steam turbine, usually known as the Ljungström turbine, was originally invented by Swedish Engineer Fredrik Ljungström (1875-1964), in Stockholm and in partnership with his brother Birger Ljungström he obtained a patent in 1894. The design is essentially a multi-stage radial turbine (or pair of 'nested' turbine rotors) and met with some success, particularly in marine applications, where its compact size and low weight lent itself well to turbo-electric applications. In this radial arrangement, the overall efficiency is typically less than that of Parsons or de Laval turbines.

• Statorless turbine. Multi-stage turbines have a set of static (meaning stationary) inlet guide vanes that direct the gasflow onto the rotating rotor blades. In a statorless turbine the gasflow exiting an upstream rotor impinges onto a downstream rotor without an intermediate set of stator vanes (that rearrange the pressure/velocity energy levels of the flow) being encountered.

• Ceramic turbine. Conventional high-pressure turbine blades (and vanes) are made from nickel based alloys and often utilise intricate internal air-cooling passages to prevent the metal from overheating. In recent years, experimental ceramic blades have been manufactured and tested in gas turbines, with a view to increasing Rotor Inlet Temperatures and/or, possibly, eliminating aircooling. Ceramic blades are more brittle than their metallic counterparts, and carry a greater risk of catastrophic blade failure. This has tended to limit their use in jet engines and gas turbines, to the stator (stationary) blades.

• Shrouded turbine. Many turbine rotor blades have shrouding at the top, which interlocks with that of adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity generation steam turbines, the shrouding is often complemented, especially in the long blades of a low-pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These are wires which pass through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances from the blade root and the wires are usually brazed to the blades at the point where they pass through. The lacing wires are designed to reduce blade flutter in the central part of the blades. The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces the instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure turbines.

• Shroudless turbine. Modern practice is, wherever possible, to eliminate the rotor shrouding, thus reducing the centrifugal load on the blade and the cooling requirements.
• Bladeless turbine uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.
• Water turbines
  • Pelton turbine, a type of impulse water turbine.
  • Francis turbine, a type of widely used water turbine.
  • Kaplan turbine, a variation of the Francis Turbine.
  • Voith, water turbine.
• Wind turbine. These normally operate as a single stage without nozzle and interstage guide vanes. An exception is the Éolienne Bollée, which has a stator and a rotor, thus being a true turbine.

Tide Turbine

Information on some major DAM projects

Bhakra Nangal Project

Bhakra DamBhakra Dam Bhakra Dam is a majestic monument across river Sutlej. Its construction was taken up first after independence, for the uplift and welfare of the people of Northern Region. The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 . It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. The water stored at Bhakra has a tremendous potential of generating hydroelectric power. There are two power houses namely Left Bank Power Plant and Right Bank Power Plant. The power houses are connected on either side by underground cable galleries with the switch yard from where transmission lined take off. The Salient features of Bhakra Dam and Power houses are as below.

Bhakra Dam

Total cost of the Project	Rs. 245.28 crore
Type of Dam	Concrete straight gravity
Height above the deepest foundation	225.55 metres (740 feet)
Height above river bed	167.64 metres (550 feet)
Length at top	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Width at top	9.14 metres (30 feet)
Length at bottom	99 metres (325 feet)
Width at base	190.5 metres (625 feet)
Elevation at top of dam above mean sea level	518.16 metres (1700 feet)
Steel used	101600 tonnes (100000 tons)

Reservoir

Catchment area	56980 Sq. kilometres.
Normal reservoir level	EL. 512.06 meters (EL.1680 feet)
Dead storage level	EL.445.62 meters.
New area irrigated	60 lakh acres.
Area of reservoir.	162.48 sq. kilometres (62.78 sq.miles)
Length of reservoir.	96.56 kilometres.
Live storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	6911 million cum (5.60 MAF)
Gross storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.	9340 million cum (7.57 MAF)
Dead storage capacity	2430 million cum (1.97 MAF)

Bhakra Power Plant

Number of power houses	2
Installed capacity of left bank power plant	450 MW - 5 units of 90 MW each
Increased capacity of left bank power plant by uprating the machines.	540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each
Installed capacity of right bank power plant.	600 MW - 5 units of 120 MW each
Increased capacity of right bank power plant	Uprated to 660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each
Present capacity by further uprating the machines.	735 MW - 3 units of 157 MW each & 2 units of 132 MW each
Planned uprated capacity.	785 MW - 5 units of 157 MW.

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Nangal Dam

Nangal Dam situated about 13 Kms. Downstream of Bhakra Dam, is 29m (95 ft.) high & comprises 26 bays of 9.14m (30 ft.) each. It is designed to pass a flood 9910 cumecs (350000 cusecs) water. Dam diverts the water of river Sutlej into Nangal Hydel Channel & Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel for power generation and irrigation purpose. Nangal Pond acts as a balancing reservoir to smoothen out the diurnal variation in releases from the Bhakra Power Plants. Nangal Hydel Channel is a lined channel taking off from the left bank of river Sutlej just above the Nangal Dam. The natural fall available along the channel is utilised at Ganguwal and Kotla for generating power. Anandpur Saheb Hydel Channel takes off from nangal Barrage and along the left bank of river Sutlej almost parallel to and on the left side of the Nangal Hydel Channel. It is 33 Kms. Long with a discharging capacity of 10150 Cs. It has two power houses at Ganguwal and at Kotla.

Salient Features

Height	29 meters (95 ft.)
Length	304.8 meters (1000 ft.)
Length of Nangal Hydel Channel	64.5 kilometers (40 miles)
Discharge	354 cumecs (12500 cusecs)
Number of power houses	2
Total installed capacity of each power house.	77 MW (2units of 24 MW each & one unit of 29 MW)
Head of water	28.35 meters (93 ft.)

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Pandoh Dam

Pandoh Dam is a diversion dam of the River Beas at Pandoh situated about 21 Kms. Upstream of town of Mandi in Himachal Pradesh on Mandi Kullu Road. It is a zoned earth-cum-rockfill dam 76.20m(250 ft.)high above the deepest foundation. A chute spillway with flip bucket for maximum design outflow of 350000 cs. has been provided on left abutment. There are five bays in which high pressure top seal type radial gates have been installed for regulating flow of water. Each gate is independently operated by 200 tonnes capacity cylindrical hydraulic hoists.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth-cum-rockfill
Height above river bed	61 meters (200 ft.)
Height above deepest foundation	76.2 meters (250 ft.)
Elevation at top of dam	EL.899.16 meters (EL.2950 ft.)
Length at top	255 meters (835 ft.)
Width at base.	268.22 meters (880 ft.)
Width at top	12.19 meters (40 ft.)
Maximum reservoir level	EL.896.42 meters (EL.2941 ft.)
Normal reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Minimum reservoir level	EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)
Gross storage capacity	4100 hectare meters (33240 acre ft.)
Live storage capacity at EL.2941 ft.	1855.98 hectare meters (15.039 acre ft.)
Spillway Type	Orifice type gates chute
Radial gates	5 No. 12m x 13m (39.375 ft. x 42.65 ft.) each
Maximum outflow	9939 cumecs (351000 cusecs)
Crest elevation	EL. 874.78 meters (EL.2870 ft.)

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Pong Dam

Pong Dam was primarily envisaged for meeting the irrigation water requirements of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. But presently, it is being used for power generation too. The Dam is located at Pong across river Beas in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. It is the highest earth fill Dam so far constructed in the country. The number of instruments of different types have been embedded in the body of dam to observe its behaviours. Rajasthan draws its maximum share of water from Pong Dam. Five concrete lined tunnels, were constructed for river diversion during construction satge. After serving their function as diversion tunnels two of these tunnels have been converted into outlets for controlled irrigation releases and the other three are used as penstocks. Each penstock tunnel has been provided with an emergency gate, operated from the hoist structures, located at top of the dam. A chute spillway has been provided for passing the flood which is located on the left abutment of the dam. The spillway caters with maximum discharge of 437000 cs. Water is led to ogee shaped crest through an approach channel and controlled by six number radial gates which are operated by electrically driven mechanical hoists with provision for operation by diesel engines in case of power failure. Pong Power Plant is a reinforced concrete framed structure, located in the stilling basin downstream of penstock tunnels . The power plant has an installed capacity of 360 MW having six units of 60 MW each. Uprating of each unit from 60 MW to 66 MW has been planned.

Salient Features

Type of dam	Earth core gravel shell
Elevation at top of dam	EL. 435. 86 metres (EL. 1430 feet)
Free board (above max. RWL)	2.74 metres (9 feet)
Maximum height of dam above deepest foundation level	132.59 metres (435 feet)
Crest length	1950.7 metres (6400 feet)
Width at crest	13.72 metres (45)
Maximum width at base (excluding toe weights)	610 metres (2000 feet)
Catchment area	12560 sq. kilometres (4850 sq. miles)
Normal reservoir level	EL 426.72 meters (EL 1400 feet)
Dead storage level	EL. 384.05 meters (EL.1260 feet)
Gross storage capacity	8570 million cum. (6.95 MAF)
Live storage capacity	7290 million cum (5.91 MAF)
Maximum reservoir depth	97.84 metres (321 feet)
Maximum reservoir level	EL 433.12 metres (EL 1421 feet)
Reservoir length	41.8 kilometres
Type of spillway	Overflow gated chute
Spillway gates	Six radial gates 14.48 m x 12.344m ( 47.5 ft. x 40.5 ft.) each
Crest elevation	416.05 meters (1365 feet)
Penstock heads	3 Nos, each of 7.28 m dia branched into six penstocks of dia 5.025m each
ype of turbine	Vertical shaft, Francis type
Head variation	47.85 meters to 95.1 meters (157 feet to 312 feet)
Installed capacity	60 MW x6 = 360 MW

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Ranjitsagar Dam

Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein dam) is a gigantic Multipurpose River valley Project constructed on river Ravi, 24 kms. Upstream of Madhopur Headworks. The construction of Ranjit Sagar Dam is a part of the total plan for the utilization of the water of three eastern rivers namely Sutlej, Beas and Ravi for irrigation and Power generation. Ranjit Sagar Dam is located in a gorge section of river Ravi near village. Thein in J&K state, in seismically active zone of Himalayas constituting the Shivalik range. The Project is an embodiment of inter state relationship and co-operation amongst the States of Punjab, J&K and Himachal Pradesh. An inter state agreement between these States was signed in 1979 thereby giving the go-ahead for the execution of the Project.

Unique Features

• The Ranjit Sagar Dam is the highest earth core-cum-gravel shell dam in India.
  * The Power Plant has the second biggest Hydro-Turbine in India.
  * The Project has the largest dia. Penstock in India.
  * The foundation gallary under the Rockfill Dam has been provided for the first time in India.

Salient Features Of The Project

Catchment area	6086 sq. km
Reservoir area	87.00 sq. km.
Gross Storage capacity	3280 million cum
Live storage capacity	2344 million cum

Dam Type	Earth core-cum-gravel shell dam
Top level of the Dam	EL 540.00 m
Maximum height of dam	160.00 m.
Length at Top of the dam	617.00 m.
Width at top of the dam	14.00 m
Maximum width at base of the dam	669.2 m
Normal reservoir level	527.91 m.

Clear water-way of spillway	109 m.
Crest level of spillway	EL 511 .7 m.
Maximum outflow	24637 cumecs
Spillway design flood	20678 cumecs

No. of Penstock Headers	2
N0. of Penstock Branches	4
Dia of each Penstock Header	8.5 m.
Dia of each Penstock Branches	5.17 m.

Type of turbines	Vertical Shaft Francis
Maximum net head	121.9 m.
Minimum net head	76.0 m.

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Upper Indravati HE Project (Orissa)

Upper Indravati Hydro Electric Project has gone fully operational during 2001 with the commissioning of Unit No.IV of the 600 MW (150 x 4) Hydro Power Project. Started with World Bank assistance, Upper Indravati Project is considered one of the largest multi-purpose projects in India. Situated in drought prone districts of Kalahandi and Nawarangpur in Orissa, the project also envisages trans-basin diversion of water of river Indravati (Godavari basin) to river Hati (Mahanadi basin).

The project provides irrigation to more than one lakh hectres of land. The Upper Indravati Project envisages diversion of water , of the indravati river in its upper reaches into the Mahanadi valley for power generation and irrigation. The project involves construction of 4 dams across the Indravati and its tributaries 8 dykes and two inter-linking channels to from a single reservoir with a live capacity of 1435.5 Mcum, 4.32 km. tunnel, a power house with installation of 4 units of 150 MW each , 9 km. tail race channel and an irrigation barrage across Hati river with the associated irrigation canals. It is not only one of the largest power stations in the entire region and will play a crucial role in bridging the projected deficit during peak hours.

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Nathpa Jhakri HE Project

Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-electric Project – NJHEP, is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, on the downstream of Wangtoo Bridge and derives its name from the names of two villages in the Project vicinity - Nathpa in district Kinnaur and Jhakri in district Shimla - in the interiors of Himachal Pradesh. The Project was conceived as a run-of-river type hydro power development, harnessing hydro-electric potential of the middle reaches of the river Sutlej, one of the principal tributaries of the river Indus, in the south west Himalayas. The Project's Dam has been constructed near village Nathpa and its Power House has been constructed on the left bank of the river Satluj at village Jhakri. The power house site is about 150 km from Shimla. The Project stretches over a length of about 50 kms. from the Dam site to the Power House site, on the Hindustan-Tibet Road (NH-22), which also connects the rail head to the Project. Salient Features The project with an installed capacity of 1500 MW ( 6 X 250 MW ), envisaged construction of the following major components :

• * A 62.50 m. high concrete Dam on Satluj river at Nathpa to divert 486 cumecs of water through four Intakes.
• * An underground De-silting Complex, comprising four chambers, each 525 m. long, 16.31 m. wide and 27.5 m. deep, which is one of the largest underground complex for the generation of hydro - power in the World.
• * A 10.15 dia. and 27.394 km. long Head Race Tunnel, which is one of the longest hydro power tunnels in the World, terminating in a 21.60 m / 10.20 m dia and 301m deep Surge Shaft.
• * Three circular steel lined Pressure Shafts, each of 4.90 m dia and 571 m to 622 m length, each bifurcating into two near the Power House, to feed six generating units.
• * An underground Power House with a cavern size of 222 m x 20 m x 49 m having six Francis Turbine Units of 250 MW each, to utilize a design discharge of 405 cumecs and a design head of 428 m.
• * 6 nos. vertical axis Francis turbines Generating Units, each of 250 MW, with the total installed capacity as 1500 MW.
• * A 10.15 m dia and 982 m long Tail Race Tunnel to discharge the water back into the river Satluj.
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Sardar Sarovar

The Sardar Sarovar dam is a concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of 163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction across river Narmada. The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being Bhakra (226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will be ranking as the second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. only behind Grand Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity of 87,000 cumecs (30.70 lac), will be the third in the world after Gazenba (1.13 lac cumecs) in China and Tucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil.

Canals:

Narmada Main Canal, which is a contour canal, is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the world. It is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border having discharging capacity 1133 cumecs (40000 cusecs) at its head tapering to 95.70 cumecs (3375 cusecs) at the Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal extends further in Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of Rajasthan. The cross section of the canal at its head is 73.1m x 7.6m (Bed width x Full supply depth) with 2:1 inner side slope having canal velocity at head as 1.69 m/sec. The entire length of the Main Canal is proposed to be lined with in-situ plain cement concrete to minimize seepage losses, to allow higher velocities and control water logging problems in future. In all, there are 593 Structures on the Narmada Main canal. Out of this 320 structures are cross drainage structures, comprising of 5 Aqueducts, 15 canal syphons, 177 drainage syphons, 26 canal crossing and one super passage. There are 96 Regulating structures comprising of 1 Main HR, 44 Branch HR, 38 Cross Regulators and 13 Escapes. There are total 273 nos. of Road Bridge including national Highway, State Highway, MDRB, ODRB, VRB, and UVRB etc. Narmada Main Canal as on today is almost completed up to 357 km. and water has flown through it.

Power Houses

There are two power houses for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). (i) 1200 MW River Bed Power House (RBPH) and (ii) 250 MW Canal Head Power House (CHPH). Power benefits are shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16 respectively. The RBPH is an under ground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. The generation of power depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat. The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir having total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters. The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.

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